Hiragana (平仮名, literally "smooth kana") are a
Japanese syllabary, one of four Japanese writing systems (the others are katakana, kanji and rōmaji).
Hiragana are used for:
- Japanese words for which there are no kanji, for example particles such as
kara から and suffixes such as ~san さん.
- Japanese words for which the kanji form is not known to the writer, not expected to be known to the readers, or too formal
for the writing purpose.
- Verb and adjective inflections, for example in tabemashita 食べました (used like this,
hiragana are called okurigana 送り仮名).
- Giving the pronunciation of kanji for readers who may not know them (used like this, hiragana are called furigana).
Each hiragana represents one syllable (technically, one mora), and is either a vowel on its own (such as a
あ), a consonant followed by a vowel (such as ka か), or ん, which sounds like the English "m" or
"n".
The presence of hiragana among Chinese characters is usually sufficient to identify a text as Japanese.
The hiragana writing system
The hiragana consist of a basic set of characters, the gojūon (五十音, literally "fifty
sounds", but only 45 are in common use today), which can be modified as follows:
- Adding a dakuten (濁点) marker ゛ turns an unvoiced
consonant into a voiced consonant, in particular it changes k→g, t→d,
s→z, and h→b.
- Adding a handakuten (半濁点) marker ゜
changes h→p.
- Adding a small version of the hiragana for ya, yu or yo (ゃ, ゅ or ょ
respectively) changes a preceding i vowel sound to a glide palatalization.
- A small tsu っ indicates a glottal stop. Typically this only appears before consonants that are fricatives or
stops. This is represented in romaji by doubling the following consonant. Occasionally
this will follow the last vowel in a word to indicate surprise.
There are ways to represent other sounds with hiragana, using minuscule versions of the five vowel kana. This is not generally
used in formal writing, but is occasionally used with loanwords in katakana in an
attempt to approximate more closly the source word's pronunciation.
There are a few hiragana which are not in the standard modern set. wi ゐ and we ゑ are obsolete.
vu ゔ is modern and is pronounced as bwu to approximate the "v" sound in foreign languages such as
English (it is rarely seen because transliterated words are usually written in katakana).
If you have a font including Japanese characters, you can view the following chart of hiragana together with their Hepburn romanization.
Obsolete kana are shown in red.
Hepburn Romanization of Hiragana
|
| あ a |
い i |
う u |
え e |
お o |
(ya) |
(yu) |
(yo) |
|
| か ka |
き ki |
く ku |
け ke |
こ ko |
きゃ kya |
きゅ kyu |
きょ kyo |
| さ sa |
し shi |
す su |
せ se |
そ so |
しゃ sha |
しゅ shu |
しょ sho |
| た ta |
ち chi |
つ tsu |
て te |
と to |
ちゃ cha |
ちゅ chu |
ちょ cho |
| な na |
に ni |
ぬ nu |
ね ne |
の no |
にゃ nya |
にゅ nyu |
にょ nyo |
| は ha |
ひ hi |
ふ fu |
へ he |
ほ ho |
ひゃ hya |
ひゅ hyu |
ひょ hyo |
| ま ma |
み mi |
む mu |
め me |
も mo |
みゃ mya |
みゅ myu |
みょ myo |
| や ya |
|
ゆ yu |
|
よ yo |
|
| ら ra |
り ri |
る ru |
れ re |
ろ ro |
りゃ rya |
りゅ ryu |
りょ ryo |
| わ wa |
ゐ wi |
|
ゑ we |
を wo |
|
|
ん n |
|
|
| が ga |
ぎ gi |
ぐ gu |
げ ge |
ご go |
ぎゃ gya |
ぎゅ gyu |
ぎょ gyo |
| ざ za |
じ ji |
ず zu |
ぜ ze |
ぞ zo |
じゃ ja |
じゅ ju |
じょ jo |
| だ da |
ぢ ji |
づ zu |
で de |
ど do |
|
| ば ba |
び bi |
ぶ bu |
べ be |
ぼ bo |
びゃ bya |
びゅ byu |
びょ byo |
| ぱ pa |
ぴ pi |
ぷ pu |
ぺ pe |
ぽ po |
ぴゃ pya |
ぴゅ pyu |
ぴょ pyo |
Spelling rules
With a few exceptions for sentence particles は, を, and へ and a few other arbitrary rules, Japanese is
spelled as it sounds. This has not always been the case: a previous system of spelling, now referred to as historical kana usage had many arbitrary spelling rules; the exceptions in
modern usage are the legacy of that system.
Note that there are two hiragana pronounced ji (じ and ぢ) and two hiragana pronounced zu
(ず and づ). These pairs are not interchangeable. The exact spelling rules are referred to as kanazukai
(かな使い, "kana use"). In general, the rules are:
- If the first two hiragana of a word are the same, but the second one has a dakuten, use the same hiragana as the
first one, for example chijimeru is spelled ちぢめる.
- For compound words where the dakuten has added due to compounding, use the original hiragana. For example,
chi (血 "blood") is spelled ち, so hanaji (鼻血, "bloody nose") is spelled
はなぢ, and tsukau (使う; "to use") is spelled つかう, so
kanazukai (かな使い; "kana use", "kana orthography") is spelled
かなづかい. (However, this does not apply when the second element is not considered to be a
meaningful, separable element: in these cases, use the default spelling given below. Thus, even though inazuma
(稲妻, "lightning") is written using the kanji tsuma 妻 ("wife"), that is not considered a separable
suffix and so inazuma is spelled いなずま and not *いなづま.)
- ji (痔, "hemorrhoids") is written ぢ. (Actually, according to dictionaries it should be written
じ, but a commercial for hemorrhoid medicine popularized the incorrect version.)
- Otherwise, use the default: write ji as じ and zu as ず.
n ん can never be at the beginning of a Japanese word. This fact is at the basis of the word game shiritori. However, n is sometimes directly followed by a vowel. For example,
ren'ai 恋愛 is spelled れんあい and den'atsu 電圧 is spelled
でんあつ.
This article was derived fully or in part from an article on Wikipedia.org. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
